The second system is called author-date and is similar in layout to APA. Author-date is also paired with a bibliography. Use the navigation tabs to learn more about each system of citation as well as the other aspects of writing within the Chicago style, such as how write your bibliogrpahy , and how to format your paper.
Footnotes are added to the bottom of the page in which a source was referenced; E ndnotes are placed at the end of your research paper or chapter. All cited sources will also be listed in the Bibliography section.
Author-Date references will appear in-text as the author s last names, publication date, and page number if needed. Full citation details are then placed in the Bibliography section.
Basic Citations When you cite a source in a footnote, the key elements author, title, etc. By contrast, in your final bibliography you would use periods, invert the name, and either leave out the page or for some citations give the full page range: Trip, Jennifer. The basic format of a citation thus includes an author, title, and publication information.
Shortened Citations Sources that are cited multiple times can be shortened after the first citation. Sung, Double Dating , When citing the same source in quick succession, you can even leave out the title of the source: 9. Sung, Quotation in a Note When adding a quotation in a footnote, add the citation as a separate sentence: 1.
See and cf. A common way to introduce references is to write see : 1. Emphasis If you want to emphasize part of a quote, add italics, or make any other changes you desire, you can add a quick note at the end of your citation: 5. Castafiore, Milanese Nightingale , emphasis added. Multiple Citations When citing multiple sources in a row, you can often separate them with a semi-colon: 6.
See note 5 above. See chap. See n See 5nn Beyond Page Numbers Sometimes it happens that a source does not use page numbers. Dante, Inferno , 3. Endnotes One reason to prefer endnotes over footnotes is that the latter can be a distraction from the body of your text.
More Information For more information about footnotes and endnotes, see sections Back to Subject. Accessing this subject requires a login.
For example: 9. For example, the following would be considered common knowledge in history: It is well known that World War I began in and was triggered by the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand. Deciding what is common knowledge can be tricky. Block quotations begin on a new line and are indented using the indent button. Do not put quotation marks around block quotations.
For example: Hurl-Eamon argues for the importance of studying the wives of soldiers, claiming that: Military wives are a window into a much larger issue in early modern labour history. Hurl-Eamon, "The fiction of female dependence,"
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